ISO 24434:2024 辐射防护 核/辐射事故后急救人员和人群的辐射监测 一般原则

标准编号：ISO 24434:2024

中文名称：辐射防护 核/辐射事故后急救人员和人群的辐射监测 一般原则

英文名称：Radiological protection — Radiological monitoring for emergency workers and population following nuclear/radiological incidents — General principles

发布日期：2024-01

标准范围

本文件提出了在核或重大辐射事故期间和/或之后进行个人污染筛查、分类、监测和评估受辐射者所受辐射剂量的一般准备原则。该文件主要侧重于早期反应阶段，这一阶段要求迅速采取行动，以实现支持并根据国家或国际应急反应准则的目标。它解决了以下方面的一般要求-公众，包括成年人、弱势群体（如儿童和孕妇）和有特殊需要的人（如老年人和残疾人），以及-急救人员。该文件提供了筛查、分类和监测这两类人的一般程序。它涉及对潜在外部污染、内部和外部暴露以及剂量评估的个人监测。它还规定了组织和管理人口筛查中心以及登记和报告个人监测结果的原则。本文件适用于影响大量人员的核事故或重大放射性事故后的大多数暴露情况，包括:-放射性物质的大量释放（例如在运输过程中从设施或核电厂释放）；-放射扩散装置(RDD)；-简易核装置（IND）；-核武器。没有放射性物质释放到环境中而只有外部暴露（例如与辐射暴露装置（红色）相关）的放射性事故不在本文件的范围之内[1]。但是，本文档提供的一些信息可能会引起此类事件的兴趣。该文件的目的是确保适当的各方提前做好准备。本文件建议如何快速准确地获取和收集数据，以便为决策者提供信息。它没有具体说明负责采取行动的各方或个人。本文件旨在为负责监测和评估在涉及大量可能受到内部/外部污染（以及随后的辐射剂量）的紧急暴露情况下人群所接受剂量的人员提供指导。它还可以作为监管机构的指南。[1]本文件不考虑由红色暴露引起的事件，因为它们不会导致门户监视器或手持设备检测到的污染。通过评估临床体征和症状、生物剂量学、EPR等方法确定仅有潜在外部暴露的受害者的身份。

This document presents general principles for preparedness to conduct individual contamination screening, triage, monitoring and assessing radiation doses received by people exposed during and/or in the aftermath of a nuclear or major radiological incident. The document mainly focuses on the early response phase, which requires rapid actions to be undertaken for achieving the goals in support of, and according to, national or international guidelines on emergency response.

It addresses general requirements for

—     members of the public, this includes adults, vulnerable populations (such as children and pregnant women) and people with special needs (such as the elderly and disabled), and

—     emergency workers.

This document provides general procedures for screening, triage and monitoring these two categories of people. It deals with individual monitoring for potential external contamination, internal and external exposures and dose assessment. It also gives principles for organizing and managing a population screening centre and for registering and reporting the results of individual monitoring. This document is applicable to most exposure situations following a nuclear or major radiological incident affecting a large number of people, including:

—     significant release of radioactive materials (e.g. from a facility or nuclear power plant, during transportation);

—     radiological dispersal device (RDD);

—     improvised nuclear device (IND);

—     nuclear weapon.

Radiological incidents for which there is no release of radioactive material in the environment but only external exposures (e.g. linked to a Radiation Exposure Device (RED)) are outside the scope of this document[1]. However, some information given by this document may be of interest for this type of event.

The aim of the document is to ensure that the appropriate parties are prepared in advance. This document advises how to obtain and collect data quickly and accurately in order to inform decision makers. It does not specify the parties or individuals who are responsible for undertaking the actions.

This document is intended to give guidance to those in charge of monitoring and assessing doses received by populations in emergency exposure situations involving a large number of people potentially subject to internal/external contamination (and subsequent radiation doses). It can also serve as guidance to regulatory bodies.

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